Sunday, March 31, 2019

Is Latin America An Homogeneous Continent Politics Essay

Is Latin the States An Homogeneous Continent Politics EssayLatin the States is a region of the the Statess where Romance languages, those derived from Latin particularly Spanish, Portuguese, and variably cut ar primarily spoken1Historical backgroundTo study the memorial of International Business in Latin the States it is necessary to m other with a look in the eighteenth hundred were e genuinely(prenominal) of the countries in the region were colonies of the atomic number 63an powers and the commerce were tightly tied to the home country. entirely with the independence the IB had been fetching a major division in Latin the States because it is practical to consider that the first international transmission line in the region was financing by the Latin Ameri screwing governments for the wars independence and since that indorsement these countries began to involved with IB, exchanging raw materials, such as gold and silver exported for products from Europe like clothing, iro n and manu accompanimentured goods2By the middle of the nineteenth century unknow direct enthr anement began with projects in mining and infrastructure, also LA become one of the keep out to trading partners for United States, providing natural resources and execr guinea pig cost assembly of manufactures (Clothing). The nigh attractive countries in LA for investment argon Mexico, Argentina and Brazil.The government-Business relationshipLatin Ameri deal governments imposed much and more restrictive policies on foreign MNES, toward the end of import-substituting industrialization and promoting domestic ally owned business3 but this didnt last for so want because of the 1980s crisis, that constrained the governments of the region to look for foreign financial resources and by 1990s more or less of the LA join the affording economy system.PrivatizationsPrivatization of state-owned enterprises has been one important shout of the economical opening process and for FDI, wi th these system LA governments attracted the world leadership to invest in airlines, telephone companies, electronic power companies and banks.Regional scotch IntegrationThe first regional integration done in LA was by Simon Bolivar in 1820 with the goal to unite sulfur America, but since the land War II there had been integration efforts beginning with the LAFTA or ALALC in 1960 (Latin America Free Trade Area), this symmetry neer achieved its bargon(a)-trade goals.It is possible to state that the first true agreement done in the region was the Andean Community in 1976, these conclave promote FDI into the region and tariff voiding among the members country4A nonher Sub regional integration effort is Mercosur has served to open trade mostly between Argentina and Brazil.The most successful agreement is NAFTA that produce economic growth in Mexico because many another(prenominal) multinational firms of US locate its production there.Barriers to trade and invest in Latin Ame ricaThe most relevant barrier is the geographical one instead than the licit one because this zone has last mountains so the transportation cost is actually expensive and this problem cannot be disdaind by tariff reductions or other government policies.Latin America MNESIt can be considered that the Latin America NMES emerged in the late 1960s and 1970s, as firms effected operations in mostly neighboring countries to serve local markets.The leading firms argon located in the largest countries, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and chili pepper. Five of the top 25 MNES be steel companies from Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico. Many companies ar leaders in their various(prenominal) industries, such as the Brazilian Gerdau Group.Most of MNES tend to b number 1 up regionally before going farther abroad. And thinking in the consumer, this can often be a upbeat because of the cultural similarity of most Latin American countries that makes regional firms kick downstairs to supply to reg ional taste.At the same time, a firm that lacks international experience might command to acquire the skills needed to manage across borders by first excogitatement in a country that is similar and nearby. This could explain CEMEX, the third-largest producer of cementum in the world, captures many of this idea.Multinationals be often closer to their host countries geographically, culturally, economically, and politically, and with their know-how and technologies whitethorn be come up matched for the other markets where they invest.5Latin American firms atomic number 18 responding to orbiculate trends by restructuring, bob uping a variety of tangible and intangible assets- including innovational perplexity capabilities6After decades of protection and transition, Latin American firms are able to think and compete globally.7LATIN AMERICAN WORKING AND steering CULTURE.Plenty of in general anatomyation has been written nearly the American, Japanese or German direction style s. These confuse proved to be successful in the great multinationals around the world and as a consequence many validations in developing countries try to implement them. Well known is, that most of the Latin American countries puddle economies in transition and this is true also for care samples used in Latin American government activitys. In 2005 Martha M. Elvira, then the donnish director of the Lexington College, to numberher with Anabella Dvila, then the teacher of The theory of the shaping and business history at the School of Graduate in management and direction of business, had published in the Magazine Universia Business Re cypher and condition called Cultura y administracin de Recursos kindos en Amrica Latina in English Human Resources finis and management in Latin America. There the authors assumed that the Latin American management models have about cultural traits derived from an specific historic process with a social, political and economical structure. T his unique process differentiates Latin American management styles from others and makes it worthy to examine the cultural background in order to better understand how the presidencys in Latin America have a bun in the oven and how human resources practices in this region can be correctd.It is thus super important to review what has been written round the make culture in Latin America in order to understand better the management practices in that region and perform well when interacting with Latin Americans.For a better understanding of the subject of which is Latin-American cultural behavior and in some way decode the way Latin-Americans work and develop within an fundamental law or during a business, we lead divide these behavior into some floors or dimensions in which this culture will be analyzed.Our first dimension will be philanthropy, person-to-person dignity or breakism, defining sympathy as the warmth of personal relationships, perpetually respecting human dig nity (Silvio de Franco, 1999). People in Latin American countries always take time to greet one another with a show of genuine plea convinced(predicate), this culture is actually beaten(prenominal) and always has close relationships with its workmates, if it is their decision they pick out on the job(p) and negotiating with friends and family, rather than with strangers. Latin Americans are known for developing interpersonal relations with co-workers this is why they are real(prenominal) predictable and expected by all.Personal contact is very important to Latin American workers face-to-face contact with superiors is prevalent and blue-chip for both employee and superior. Personal relations are charged with a racy emotional content and both superiors and employees expect to be enured politely and friendly. Loyalty and reliability are very important in the personal relations of Latin Americans in the work rear end.Other face of sympathy is the inclining to avoid open con flicts and unpleasantness, that is the reason why, the great unwashed tend to be very polite and nice with others, and not to demonstrate disagreements in earth. Latin Americans prefer a peaceful coexistence, and may be unwilling to confront others roughly negative behaviors that could be harmful to an organization over the working surroundings what people want is to keep positive relationships among co-workers, taking aside the fact that their putting in risk the companys welfare. From here we can say that blame is the key tool for discharging all madness of employees, this tool goes underground and is express most of the time through rumors and gossip.When talking about classism we refer to Latin Americans emphasizing in very rigid social divisions, so, sympathy is more apparent to see in members of a same social class or direct, you can also find sympathy from a luxuriously direct class with a lower one, but it is less common in these countries. Hierarchy and social stat us is important, academic titles and other signs are mechanisms of social differentiation and helper to establish the distance between employees and their superiors. Anabella Dvila and Martha M. Elvira nourish nevertheless, that superiors try to get near to the employees enough to eliminate the barriers between them.There is one exception to the rule, in bournes of sympathy some of Latin people are characterized because of their rudeness when talking, always taking advantage of the blot power, when dealing with people that is less powerful, but this subject will be better explained when we arrive to hierarchical relationships and power dimensions.The future(a) dimension is very linked to the first one, personalism a desire for individualize and individualized attention. For Latin Americans, it is a priority to do things for others as relatives and family. beingness helpful is very important for Latinos. First thing to have in mind when working with this culture is trying to develop good relationships, arrive at loyalty within the working group and connecting as much as possible with people. Us, as Latin Americans, prefer to give opportunities, do favors and eat up things, from people we know, giving them an advantage over the others, who will become strangers for us. conflicting people need to develop relationships based on interchangeable help, improve their level of empathy in order to gain Latin Americans consecrate and personalise the way of dealing with co-workers we choose approaching people without delay in person, rather than delegating tasks, or just sending letters.Personal relationships are needed and mandatory for Latin Americans, as an example, if a person wants to have a good position in the workplace, it is easier to success if they have palanca, term used by Latinos for the extra help they can get inside an organization by contacts and friends to be chosen over others.Latinos want everything to be easy, and fast, this is why frien dship and personal relationships as said before are key issues to survive in a Latin American organization or society.Particularism dimension refers to the fact that Latin Americans are always choosing whom to help to, making exceptions to the rule based on individual circumstances level and obligations of friendships. For friends, everything for strangers, nothing, and for enemies, the law (Rosenn, 1988, p.143)In this culture, law exists, but is just an ideal, because Latin Americans, entirely pay attention to law, which they agree with, otherwise, it is just ignored.In the personalism dimension, we talked about how prestigious friendships can become when getting a job, in other spoken language Particularism appears as an answer to the personalism weve been talking about.As explained, particularism is in easier countersigns, to have a strong group of friends, who will obtain benefits from my owns, therefore, the person who is getting the benefit is the one analyzed through the personalism dimension.Now, more than a group of friends or relatives, dealing with government is also part of the particularism, some quantify managers, can trance government to work on their side, giving benefits just to their companies.Latin American culture generally have a fairly low level of trust in people who are not family or close friends, with this we arrived to our 4th dimension, trust, generally, Latin American managers do not trust all of their employees, so, they always have 1 o 2 persons who they trust degree Celsius% (friends or family), to leave in charge of important tasks.Sometimes this lack of trust can affect the formulation and development for employees Latinos always misgiving about teaching others the way they work, because we think, they could steel ideas and develop projects based on the stolen knowledge. This distrust issue is also an answer to our listening difficulties, and acceptance of others ideas. Latinos sham we know everything, and that there couldnt be a person who knows more than what I know, so we become depth to others comments. In order to gain the trust desired by Latin Americans, persons from other cultures, should not expect to down negotiating without developing first a relationship with us.Collectivism and in-group/out group behavior dimension, Latin American countries are generally described as collectivist cultures, which is characterized by individuals who give their loyalty to a group, and in withdraw the group takes responsibility for the individual.8The collectivist unit for Latinos is family.9 check to the chart, Latin American culture is located in the lower right quadrant, low trust/vertical relationships, finding pseudo- collectivism in the protective hierarchical structures very common in this part of the world.Relationships in Latin American organizations are vertical, people think top-down, with the prevailing lack of trust of out-group members. For Latin companies, it placid exist the image of feudo, the boss who gives orders to employees, but beyond that it takes care of anything that could take a chance to them and their family and personal situations or problems, that could affect them.The in-groups are the ones that always receives preferential treatment, with this we are looking back, to the trust, personalism and particularism dimensions they are all linked, from bosses perspective, you find your partners, gives them preferences, trust in them and you acquire an in-group structure, which is the one that characterized collectivism.As explained before, we still have the feudo image, the father who takes care for his children, keep with the patron system, we now arrive to explain the paternalism and hierarchical relationships. Academics have place a paternalistic behavior in management positions in many organizations across Latin American countries. In this sense managers care about the protection of the employees and their families. They might be seen as moral sup port by the employees to the extended that many organizations see themselves as a family. Strong solidarity and mutual understanding characterized Latin American workers whose intention is to work always in a harmonic and warm purlieu.Latin American employees always intuitive feeling that bosses should take an interest on their nonwork lives, moving forward and beyond the working barriers, employees think bosses as they are developing the fathers graphic symbol within a company, should be aware of what if happening with the family, and also they should be part of peculiar(a) events as weddings, baptisms, etc.For employers, their role must of the time is linked to the pobrecito attitude, always to excuse the employees for not doing things, or just when they need to be fired. With this, we pause that paternalism has to aspects, the power of the father, government, or boss to make decisions for others, as well as the responsibility for those who are myrmecophilous on them.Relatin g paternalism and the hierarchical relationships, within a company, the boss always has a trust man, who will do anything for him, and would hit the roof on fire to cover him, most of the time is the assistant.The disadvantage of this model of hierarchical relationships is that information from the bottom of the organization seldom floats to the top, awarding bosses to make myopic decision, because of the lack of input from below that might help them avoid errors.Upon this picture all dimensions have been intrinsically related to with power, our next dimension, which is the principal theme in the Latin American organizations (Hofstede, 1980).Power is generally and more uttered in the top of the hierarchies. Bosses think that thanks to their position they are allow to do whatever they want, that they control the company and beyond, that employees should exceed in their attentions. And can delegate, tasks that they should act. People with power are accorded special privileges and often use their position to personal gain. It is said also that Latin Americas like to be dependent on someone else they accept the authority and avoid confrontation with superiors. troth avoidance characterizes them and when theres a discussion taking place in public both superior and employee feel uncomfortable and even insulted.One of the most important Latin American cultural characteristics is the sense of humor and joy, which is also a dimension to analyze our culture.Humor plays a major role in the work settings, the constant teasing and joking at work is a pleasure, besides it makes working hours to go faster, helps to create the perfect environment for working and develop more efficient all tasks.But it is not always for having fun, humor has two other functions in the organizational brio of Latin America it is sometimes used to keep people in line, pointed jokes are an acceptable manner of conveying feedback to people. This, because concern for social cheering is very strong in Latin America. And it also works as a safety tool in the form of black humor, as an example, employees that are not happy with their boss always make jokes about him but always behind his back or they make them to face just acting ironic.The powerless the people, the more plentiful the jokes.Lastly, we find fatalism, as one very important dimension where Latin American people could be analyzed. As we are evolving with all global changes, it still some negative organizations within the Latin culture. For some of us there is never a positive answer to things or in terms of the organization to projects, comments, etc. It is easier for as to say maybe or it could be rather than be 100% sure. The most common negative (in some way) word Latinos use is si Dios quiere. Even though people are sure things will happen, prefer to leave destiny to the religious part.10, but there are also some negative movements as always doubting, what if? is it possible? Im not sure it would work.Lat in America has been always characterized as fatalistic and resistant to change, but there are some, however, individuals, companies, etc that are rapidly undergoing a transformation in response to changing circumstances as free markets and global economy. Companies with negative patterns find very difficult to compete with foreign companies because they are victims of their own selfishness, always having over all the negative view first.It is important for people who will be working with Latin Americans to understand all cultural contingencies, to do not fall into mistakes or be part of an unexpected cultural shock.Anabella Dvila and Martha M. Elvira take some human resources practices and explain cultural characteristics founded in them.When referring to the recruitment, selection and promotion process, the authors affirm that in Latin America the appearance and personality are very important in the hiring or promotion of an employee. Relatives, friends or contacts are passing im portant as well as stated above.Low budgets characterized the training and development process, and a lack of technical knowledge is faced by the firms when importing machinery from abroad. Nevertheless education level in Latin America is growing faster and expatriates in Latin America are being replaced by well-qualified Latin American youth.Family plays a primary role in the lives of Latin American workers. To provide the family with the outgo living prototype is the meaning of work of the Latin American worker. This is why social benefits disposed by the firms are valuable for them. Rewards for managers take the form of luxury cars, crop enrollment for the kids or memberships in clubs. This enhances the living standard of the family and their social status. reference point is important for the workers seniority recognition and social benefits are valuable for them. assumption the importance of family it is hard for Latin American workers to be transferred from one place to a nother (far).Working groups are commonly to find in Latin American organizations, authority or coordination within them is also common. Latin American workers dont like to face all the responsibility and thus prefer to appropriate it.The communication in the organizations flows from top-down the avoidance of conflict generates many times misunderstandings and obstacles in communication processes.When conflicts take place, identification with primary groups more than with the organization itself is common.But, is really Latin America alike as many states?In the year 2003, T. Lenartowicz and James Patrick Johnson wrote an article called A Cross-national assessment of the determine of Latin America managers contrasting hues or shades of gray? which was published in the Journal of international business studies. There the authors through a explore concluded, Common perceptions of Latin America as a culturally homogeneous region are stereotypical and incorrect Based on Rokeachs study of set, T. Lenartowicz and James Patrick Johnson proved that divergence in the importance of values can explain differences in business phenomena across the region.Values form part of culture, and they influence well the behavior of the people. Managers and workers grew within a culture filled with values, and thus the studying of values in Latin America can contribute to the understanding of management styles in the region.Diversity characterizes Latin America and this diversity is reflected in the behavior of the people across the continent. patronage the common historical background shared by Latin American countries, each one of them has different features, geographic conditions, ethnic groups, and historical development.To develop the research, T. Lenartowicz and James Patrick Johnson divided the region in 6 representative parts. Colombia and Venezuela Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Chile Brazil, Mxico and Puerto Rico. The study didnt cover any of the Central American countries.According to the results, Brazil showed to have the major number of differences in importance of values (as expected) and Puerto Rico the lower.According to the authors, The values that differ significantly across the 12 countries include ambitious, clean, intellectual, logical, open-minded, pleasure, world at peace. Three of these intellectual, logical, open-minded relate directly to decision-making and negotiation processes, suggesting that there may be considerable variation in these processes from one country to another. Variation in values is also likely to affect workplace issues such as delegating authority and responsibility, prompt employees, and compensation and reward systems.The study shows that even if there are similarities among Latin American countries, it would be an error to treat the whole region and homogeneous.CONCLUSIONSThe Latin American environment could diverge since the colonization moment, because not all of Latin American countries were colonized by the same European countries, so in this order, we can find a French business culture, as well as Spanish and Portuguese, this situation has influenced the management style of Latin American MNEs.Some reason why this environment diverge are the economic and political policies implemented by the government before 1980s, with the ideology of a close economy that ends with each country developing its own business culture.In terms of geography, most of Latin American countries have high mountains, which generates difficulties in transportation of merchandise, this makes that almost all of Latin American companies develop same strategies in order to reduce transportation costs.Each Latin American country has develop its own business culture, but at the same time, thanks to the colonization characteristic and its location it is possible to reach them into groups, to facilitate studies in this continent. Geographical and historical factors served to divide the region into flipper aggregates which showed to be consistent within them and different among them. These are the northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela) Per, Ecuador and Bolivia, the Southern cone (Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay) Brazil and Mxico.When doing business, Latin Americans are recognized for being a friendly and informal bargainer, who prefers negotiating with already known people as family and friends we do not sacrifice thing at a short term to obtain benefits at a long term. It is impossible for Latin Americans to arrive on time to meetings or things related to it, but this is why we cannot ask for punctuality and we became very flexible with time, and it uses. Latinos are very manipulative with emotions, and we count with a strong convincement power.In conclusion, all Latin American enterprises have their own ways of doing business, but there are some similar characteristic among them, such as friendship, loyalty, humor, collectivism and power.Friendsh ip and humor are Latinos key tools for interacting and performing within a working and managerial environment. Being surrounded of trust people the best way of ascending inside an organizational hierarchy and gaining the best positions is toilet a Latin term palanca, which is the extra help they can get by contacts and friends to be chosen over others. Communication in Latin American organizations is top-down, with a lack of feedback from information given from bottom positions. Latinos are very preferential we have preferences for in-group members over out-group members.Although Latin America has been treated as an homogeneous region, he results of a research contradicts prior studies that have tended to group Latin American countries together, and this finding validates the view that Latin America should not be regarded as a culturally homogeneous region.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

The Interpersonal Relationship Between Students And Teachers Education Essay

The Inter own(prenominal) Relationship Between Students And Teachers Education EssayIntroduction enlightenroom sharpensing is a combination of many comp one(a)nts, such as rough-and-ready checking strategies, providing meaningful content and exploitation interpersonal consanguinitys, with the assimilator- instructor blood searchn as having the greatest impact on how well the teachroom runs and how well the students watch over (Beaty-OFerr whole, Green Hanna, 2010 Larrivee, 2009 Snowman et al., 2009). The focus of this paper exit be to discuss the enquiry surrounding the nature of the student-teacher family relationship. It will further discuss the educational implications arising from this relationship and offer strategies to prove reverential student-teacher relationships. In conclusion this paper will provide recommendations regarding future statement practices arising from the literature.Over visual sense and Critique of the LiteratureThe interpersonal relation ship students form with their teachers raft sometimes be complex and challenging. Buyse, Verschueren, Doumen, Van Damme and Maes (2008, p. 367) conducted devil studies, a quantitative rout outvass and a qualitative study, of classroom demeanor and mode by investigating the student-teacher relationship from the perspective that young children with enigma doings in the classroom argon at risk for starting more conflictual and slight close relationships with their teachers. When teachers have less close relationships with misbehaving students, one outcome whitethorn be poorer schoolman work (McInerney McInerney, 2010). Buyse et al. (2008) identified ii types of student behaviour on which to base their studies. Externalising behaviour such as hyperactive and aggressive behaviour and internalising behaviour such as anxious, anti-social behaviour. These types of behaviour tendencies are seen as risk factors for teachers developing less absolute relationships with student s. This study focused, in part, on teaching style as a doable link between at-risk students problem behaviour and the quality of the student-teacher relationship. Buyse et al. (2008) hypothesised that the risk for less positive relationships between teachers and students will be lessened when more excited halt is offered by the teacher. Importantly, this study did not focus on the disputable child (displaying internalising /externalising behaviour) precisely on the classroom resources, namely the emotional support provided by the teacher, as being an indicator of school adaptation and a predictor for at-risk students future adjustment (Buyse et al., 2008). Rogers and Renard (1999) support this by stating that reading is achieved when teachers develop positive relationships with their students by becoming assured of their emotional unavoidably and precaution to these, resulting in the likelihood that unsuitable behaviour will no lengthy be an issue.Rogers and Renard (1999) claim teachers must(prenominal) understand the beliefs and needs of their students to develop positive relationships. The core needs that encourage students to want to learn and to self-monitor their behaviour are feeling safe both physically and psychologically, being presented with valuable and fire content, achieving feelings of success, being involved in meaningful decisions and feeling attentiond about (Rogers Renard, 1999). Maslow (as cited in Snowman et al., 2009, p. 443) refers to these needs in his hierarchy of needs theory where he declares an upgrade order of basic human needs starting from physiological, leading to safety, belongingness and love, value and self-actualisation. This theory proposes that if basic human needs are met or gratified, consequently individuals will be propel to seek fulfilling experiences, which in the classroom would mean, if the teacher piece of ass sustain students satisfy their lower order needs, then acquire will occur as the s tudent strives for upper level atonement (Maslow, as cited in Snowman et al., 2009, p 442).A qualitative study conducted by Brown (2004) to assess classroom management strategies in relation to culturally responsive teaching found that the most signifi shtupt aspect of classroom management is the nature of the student-teacher relationship. Brown (2004) identified a caring placement from the teacher as being the most signifi keistert factor in a students social and emotional well-being at school. Through interviews conducted with school students, Brown (2004) discovered that students recognised which teachers cared about them and noted that students wanted to adjudge a more personal connection with their teachers. The query revealed that the primary character valued by the teachers interviewed about their classroom management practices was providing individualised worry to each student to develop a mutually honorific personal relationship with them. Miller and Pedro (2006) ma intain that respect can be an fulfill away way of acting and forms the basis of personality and character. Furthermore, they advocate that a respectful classroom rents students to feel both physically and emotionally safe and valued.Marzano and Marzano (2003) state that student achievement is impacted twice as much by the actions teachers take in the classroom than by any early(a) school policies, curriculum or interactions. In their meta-analysis of over 100 studies, they found that in a one year period there were 31 percentage fewer discipline problems in classrooms if students had a spirited-quality relationship with their teacher as compared to those that did not. This relationship is not central to the students considering the teacher to be a friend, but is characterised by the teacher displaying assume dominance levels, displaying separate cooperation levels and being aware of students needs (Marzano Marzano, 2003). In this case, dominance is referred to as the ability of the teacher to provide strong guidelines and clear purpose relating to both student behaviour and academic endeavour. Canter and Canter (as cited in Charles, 2008, p. 65) popularised the Assertive Discipline system, where classroom teachers take charge by interacting in a calm, insistent and consistent flair with the students to promote an orderly classroom where the rights of the student to learn and the teacher to teach without interruption is upheld. The Canters system originally focused on the concept that the teacher dress circle the limits and enforced them, but later the emphasis was moved to creating warm, swear relationships with students by dint of positive recognition and proactively dealing with behaviour problems (Charles, 2008).Alternatively, Freiberg and Lamb (2009) propose the person-centred classroom management system where a stronger teacher-student relationship is formed than in a traditional teacher-centred classroom. Cooperation and connectedness in the classroom focuses on the teacher and the students working as a team to build effective teacher-student relationships. Freiberg and Lambs (2009, p. 101) enquiry revealed that the four key reasons that kids love school areThey were trusted and see people cared about them (social-emotional emphasis)They were part of a family (school connectedness)They felt their teachers were helpers, encouraging them to conform to and listening to their opinions and ideas (positive climate)They had opportunities to be responsible, with freedom and choices, but not license to do whatever they wished (self-discipline).They conclude that the person-centred classroom emphasises a strong social-emotional focus where the climate is warm and productive because they believe that students want to know how much you care long before they want to learn how much you know (Freiberg Lamb, 2009, p. 102).educational ImplicationsOne main question arising from the investigate would be how to best take a leak pre- service and in-service teachers to respond to and build respectful relationships with students with diverse needs (Brown, 2004 Miller Pedro, 2006). probative to Browns (2004, p. 286) developings is that the teachers he interviewed relied on their strong relationships with students built on trust alternatively than fear or punishment to maintain a cooperative learning environment that meets the needs of all learners whom they teach each day. Rogers and Renard (1999) state that when teachers can show an interest in students, both educationally and personally, students become move to learn. By performing students with respect, creating fun, interesting and valuable lessons, offering meaningful choices and building relationships where students can see teachers as people, then students will be more in all likelihood to learn (Miller Pedro, 2006 Rogers Renard, 1999). By including specific training in classroom management strategies for inclusive teaching practices such as how to convey respect, have lavishly expectations of all students and teach in a fair and consistent manner, the research concludes that culturally responsive, inclusive teaching does support student learning and achievement (Brown, 2004 Miller Pedro, 2006).Research suggests that school psychologists should consider the influence of other aspects of classroom climate when assessing individual childrens modifiable behaviours to improve the student-teacher relationship (Buyse et al., 2008). Often interventions focus too much on the child themselves and their behaviour, when classroom social organization and teaching strategies and beliefs should likewise be considered. Teachers bring with them to the classroom their own pit of experiences and beliefs which influence their relationship with the child and subsequent responses to their problem behaviour (Buyse et al., 2008). Ormrod (2008) argues that teachers must think critically and ask themselves why students behaviour and achievement levels may not be where they should be and question the influence of their own actions on the students. Reflective teachers are those that continually examine their own assumptions and practices and adjust their teaching strategies and ideas to better meet the needs of all of their students (Ormrod, 2008). Teachers should continually seek newborn ideas from colleagues, books, magazines, workshops and other sources to enrich and solidify their teaching skills (Slavin 2009, p. 7).Ginott (as cited in Charles, 2008, p. 61) suggests congruent chat provides the basis for a positive, caring learning environment. Effective communication can be blocked if teachers make assumptions, have preconceptions, or stereotype their students, so these problems need to be avoided (Edwards Watts, 2008). Treating students with dignity and addressing situations with I-messages rather than you-messages when misbehaviour occurs, models appropriate behaviour rather than attacking the students personality o r character (Ginott, as cited in Charles, 2008, p. 61). For example, the teacher could say I get angry when I see bread thrown around rather than You are a bitstock of pigs (Ginott, as cited in Snowman et al., 2009, p. 486). When a student is having problems, actively listening to what the student has to say without making judgements or comments, but responding through acknowledgement or showing interest provides the student with a nonthreatening way of being hear and understood (Gordon, as cited in Charles, 2008). Showing empathy to students encourages open communication and helps build a respectful relationship (Beaty-OFerrall, Green Hanna, 2010). Communication skills are a critical factor is demoing and maintaining a warm and friendly classroom environment and positive teacher-student relationships. Communication involves sending and receiving messages both verbally and non-verbally. Non-verbal messages can be quite powerful and can contradict the verbal meaning go with them. Students can interpret non-verbal messages quite well through mannerisms and tone of voice. It is thusly important that teachers match their verbal and non-verbal messages (Edwards Watts, 2008).Teacher Effectiveness Training (TET) is a course that is conducted in Australia, instigated by Gordon in 1974, where teachers learn to observe and psychoanalyse communication patterns between students and teachers, learn to help students identify ownership of problems to establish responsibility of action and learn to use non-offensive, positive behaviour. Along with this they also learn conflict resolution techniques and how to assist students to become cooperative concourse members. Gordons program is a well-established model for classroom management practices and has been found to help teachers make breakthroughs with difficult students. Developing relationships establish on caring attitudes and conflict each others needs encourages a more democratic approach in the classroom, with te achers giving students a say in what happens and not solving all of their problems for them. The strategies offered in the Teacher Effectiveness Training course are based on enhancing communication between teachers and students, effectively developing respectful relationships (Edwards Watts, 2008). reverent relationships with students can be formed by using positive classroom behaviours such as making eye contact, arranging seating so that the teacher can move freely around the room amongst the students and encouraging all students to contribute to class activities and discussions. One way of achieving this could be to allow more wait time during questioning to encourage those that may ordinarily be reluctant to answer to get involved (Marzano Marzano, 2003). Understanding the unequalled qualities of each student in the classroom is a critical broker of developing the student-teacher relationship (Beaty-OFerrall, Green Hanna, 2010). Research has found that teachers who do not treat all students the same, but address each of their students individual needs are the most effective teachers, in contrast to those that are insensible to diversity and treat all students equally (Marzano Marzano, 2003). To help build cooperation in the classroom teachers can take a personal interest in students by greeting them by name, talking informally with them about their interests and being aware of important events happening in their lives. (Marzano Marzano, 2003). Signalling to students that you care about them by smiling or using positive language such as I would like us to rather than you need to creates a classroom where students feel valued and have a sense of belonging (Rogers Renard, 1999, p. 37).Marzano and Marzano (2003) found, through research, that students prefer strong guidance and control from their teachers rather than a bailable attitude, therefore teachers must establish clear expectations and teach with assertiveness. Respectful relationships with s tudents can be built by using assertive body language, an appropriate tone of voice and insisting on appropriate behaviour in the classroom (Marzano Marzano, 2003). Teachers who model respect through courtesy and civility can expect the same in return from their students (Miller Pedro, 2006). DeVries, Zan, Hildebrandt, Edmiaston and Sales, (2002, p. 36) argue that every classroom has a sociomoral atmosphere that may be viewed along a continuum from obsession to cooperation. In the coercive classroom students are required to follow the rules set by the teacher out of obedience without question. DeVries et al. (2002) discuss Piagets constructivist view of the adult-child relationship and argue that mutual respect in the classroom is shown when the teacher considers the students viewpoint and encourages social interactions where students cooperate with the teacher as well as each other. Teachers who use an authoritative teaching style, based on Baumrinds parenting styles, treat stud ents fairly, do not criticise or use sarcasm, set high standards, have set rules and explain the penalties for breaking them, trust students to make appropriate decisions and teach and reward expected behaviour (as cited in Snowman et al., 2009, p.466). This encourages students to become main(a) learners who respect their teachers. In contrast, teachers who use an authoritarian teaching style find their students are compliant and unable to self-regulate their behaviour and teachers who use a permissive style find that their students can undermine the routines of the classroom leading to unlike behaviour (Snowman et al., 2009).ConclusionProviding strategies for teachers to find ways to build positive respectful relationships with all students can only improve the management of the classroom as a whole. Better classroom teacher preparation is where the focus must be in efforts to improve the education of all students from the most motivated to the most challenging (Beaty-OFerrall, Gr een Hanna, 2010). Specific teacher training in the area of sensitivity and making connections could help teachers to assess their own beliefs and practices which may lead to improvements in the quality of the teacher-student relationship (Buyse et al., 2008). Buyse et al. (2008) conclude that while their research has suggested emotionally supportive teachers may contribute to positive student behaviour and a closer student-teacher relationship, further study is needed to assess other classroom features which may impact on the quality of the student-teacher relationship. It is apparent in the literature surrounding classroom management that establishing a respectful student-teacher relationship is a prominent precursor to positive outcomes for students and teachers in schools. This was best summed up in Brown (2004, p. 279) when Jeff, a Witchita high school English teacher said, Youre there to teach kids, not subjects. We often forget this point.

The Main Types Of Social Enquiry Psychology Essay

The Main Types Of hearty Enquiry Psychology Essay look is the systematic investigation and lease of materials and sources in localize to establish facts and r distributively new conclusions.Main types of social enquiry. companionable Inquiry provides scholarly persons with a broad overview of modern social theory and approaches, addressing themes popular across disciplines in the social sciences-especi all(prenominal)(prenominal)y sociology, politics, economics, and anthropology.Case studyA blow-by-blow study of more than(prenominal) or less(prenominal) social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that stimu latterly ons to desexualise what factors led to its success or failure, report, written report, study or a written document describing the findings of some individual or group this accords with the recent study.Cross sectional cross-sectional enquiry is a inquiry method a great deal employmentd in developmental psychology, and in addition ut ilized in many former(a) beas including social science and education. This type of study utilizes discordent groups of mountain who differ in the variable of interest, but sh be antithetic characteristics such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and ethnicity.For example, interrogationers studying developmental psychology might direct groups of people who atomic number 18 remarkably similar in most areas, but differ only in age. By doing this, any differences in the midst of groups dismiss presumably be attributed to age differences quite an than to former(a) variables.longitudinalLongitudinal search is a type of inquiry method used to happen relationships between variables that are non related to miscellaneous background variables. This experimental search technique involves studying the same group of individuals over an prolonged period of time. Data is first collected at the outset of the study, and whitethorn then be gathered repeatedly thro ughout the length of the study. In some nerves, longitudinal studies evoke last several decades.1.2 Investigate inquiry clinicals in fix to contribute to, modify and modify upon theory and figureResearch objectivesResearch objectives set the purpose and focus of your interrogation with the primitive capitulums that provide be turn to. Defining your search objectives path defining what do I consider to investigate and how am I going to do it?Objectives are the single most important aspect of research propose and implementation. They include individual, tangible steps that get out be taken in your research.Your individual steps pass on revolve around a wider question or twoer that youve designated.Often, objectives pull up stakes be buildd on the findings of other research taking something some nonpareil else has investigated or theorised and focusing on a specific aspect of their findings to both strengthen or challenge them. such follow-up research involves more than repeating research thats al take a crap been done. It aims to improve the ensureing of a specific yield through asking what else require to be evidenced before the research is meaningful, or what completeledge could be garnered from a more focused investigation, or scrutiny of the existing findingsDimensions to be measuredProductivityEfficiencyEffectivenessObjectives are converted into hypotheses and tested. If selective training outline is positive the possibleness is accepted and the theory hold good, conversely if the info analysis is oppo place to the hypothesis it is rejected and the theory is non valid.The objectives would contribute to improve our intelligence of the problem investigatedSince objectives are identified through academic literature recap the measurement of research objectives would lead to each consolidate existing theories or would lead to modification or improvement of existing theories and therefore new fare.1.3 systematically anal yse the main research philosophies of positivism and phenomenology.Research philosophiesthither are two kinds of research philosophiespositivismPositivism was a result of rejection of concepts that belonged to metaphysics, for example god. As sociologists tack together it varied to explain things as also to test and prove, they looked for other ideas. They felt a strong hold for social sciences to be more objective and confirmable as science subjects. Positivism arose as an alternative to metaphysics in an attempt to delineate social phenomenon leaving aside what cannot be kn admit or is beyond the scope of social sciences. Positivists are of the view that we can analyze and draw conclusions only what we observe. What we see and can measure forms the subject subject of positivism. Two of the most influential positivists are Durkheim and Comte.InterpretivismInterpretivism arose as scientists felt that homophiles beings were not puppets to react to stimuli in a prescribed man ner. They were active and purpose-built and can serve to stimuli in incompatible paths depending upon their interpretation. Interpretivists describe human beings as having intent and the power to interpret, they say that human beings make believe the competency to construct their surroundings rather than being a mere spectators to what is hap around them. These scientists stressed the supposeing, intentions and demeanours of human beings more than positivists thereby drawing conclusions that were more realistic and perhaps more valid also. Interpretivists talk nearly shared consciousness as the brain behind many of the concepts in a society.Task 22.1 Examine qualitative and quantifiable research methodologies.When conducting a research, it is truly important to decide on the methodology depending upon focus of study. There are basically two ways to go to the highest degree an analysis, qualitative analysisand decimal analysis. There are many who cannot several(predic ate)iate between the two concepts and think of them as same which is incorrect. If analysis can be thought of as a continuum, vicenary analysis lies at one extreme and qualitative would obviously lie at the other extreme.Research is the most important tool to increase our knowledge base somewhat things and people. There are two important methods of doing research namely quantitative and qualitative research methods. Despite some overlapping, there is a spend a penny cut difference between quantitative and qualitative research.Quantitative researchAs the name implies, this type of research pertains to studying social demeanor through techniques that perk up computational basis. The tools in a quantitative research are mathematical in nature, and measurements form the backbone of any quantitative research.These measurements provide the basis for observation and recording of information that can be later analyzed quantitatively. Rather than being essential, quantitative resear ch yields selective information that is more or less unbiased and can be uttered in numerical basis such as percentages or statistics that is slowly understandable for a layman. Researcher utilizes the results to make generalizations about a large-mouthedr set of population. soft researchThis is a kind of research that employs different ways of gathering information without making use of any scientific measurement tools. For example, the sources of information could be varied like diary accounts, surveys, and questionnaires containing clear(p) ended questions, interviews that are not structured and also such observations that are not structured.The data collected through qualitative research is not show in mathematical terms. It is descriptive in nature and its analysis is also harder than finding ones way through a maze of statistical tools. Case studies and ethnography seem to be perfect for utilizing qualitative research tools.qualitative vs Quantitative ResearchThe design of study is not ready beforehand and develops and unfolds gradually in a qualitative research temporary hookup the design and structure are already present in quantitative researchData generated in quantitative research is numerically expressed in percentages and numbers while data nurseed through qualitative research is in the form of text or pictureData in quantitative research is efficient but may not be able to catch up with the true essence of human nature and behaviour while qualitative data in lyric can capture the human nature in totalityResults of quantitative research are quantifiable while the results of a qualitative research are subjective in nature2.2 critically gauge the role of the investigator.Typically the detective is expected totake responsibility for finding out what is expectedtake the initiative in raising problems or difficultieshelp the supervisory team to ensure consistencydiscuss with the supervisory team how to make focussing more effective, inc luding disability related concernsagree, organise and attend mutually comfortable meetings, contribute to their agenda and circulate work in advance acquire research training as agreed and where need is identified initiate recommended readingproduce written work as agreed pursue with reporting procedures and inform supervisors of the progress of your researchtell supervisors about difficulties you observe in your workarrange for informal sharing of information and practicegenerate your own ideasset realistic deadlinesask if he dont understanddecide when to submit the thesis and ensure that it is submitted on time find that the findings complies with regulations.2.3 systematically analyse qualitative approaches covering the following terms Descriptive, instructive, ethnographical and representational studies.DescriptionAccording to Emerson, Fretz, and Shaw, 1995, Giorgi, 1992, Wolcott, 1994, There is no pure flavor with a naked eye, and there is no immaculate. Researchers seeki ng to describe an eff or event select what they will describe and, in the go of featuring certain aspects of it, begin to transform that develop or event.Although no interpretation is free of interpretation, basic or inherent qualitative rendering, as oppose to, for example, phenomenological or grounded theory exposition, entails a kind of interpretation that is low-inference, or apt(predicate) to result in easier consensus among researchers. Even though one researcher may consume the feelings and a insurgent researcher the events a woman inform in an interview, both researchers will likely agree that. In the caseful of two researchers describing ostensibly the same scene, one researcher might feature the spatial arrangement in a room, while the second researcher will feature the social interactions. But both researchers ought to agree with individually others descriptions as accurate renderings of the scene. That is, with low-inference descriptions, researchers will a gree more readily on the facts of the case, even if they may not feature the same facts in their descriptions.InterpretiveAccording to the Wolcott 1994, interpretive, is the human perceptions, basic qualitative description is not super interpretive in the sense that a researcher deliberately chooses to describe an event in terms of a lineation, philosophical, or other extremely abstract framework or system. The description in qualitative descriptive studies entails the presentation of the facts of the case in everyday nomenclature. In contrast, phenomenological, theoretical, ethnographic, or fib descriptions re-present events in other terms. Researchers are obliged to put much more of their own interpretive spin on what they see and hear.There are certain types of phenomenological studies incline the researcher to look for, and interpret data in terms of, life world existential, such as Van Manen, 1990, claims that corporeality and temporality Such descriptions require resear chers to move farther into or beyond their data as they demand not just reading words and scenes, but rather reading into, between, and over them McMahon 1996, Poirier and Ayres 1997 and Wertz 1983 analyse phenomenological study which is an elegant demonstration of the successive transformations from a participants description of an event to a researchers phenomenological description of that event.Although less interpretive than phenomenological or grounded theory description, fundamental qualitative description is more interpretive than quantitative description, which typically entails surveys or other pre-structured means to obtain a common dataset on pre-selected variables, and descriptive statistics to summarize them. representational observationNaturalistic observation is a research method ordinarily used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves law-abiding subjects in their natural environment. This type of research is often utilized in situatio ns where conducting laboratory research is unrealistic, cost prohibitive or would unduly affect the subjects behaviour.Naturalistic observation differs from structured observation in that it involves looking at behaviour as it occurs in its natural setting with no attempts at incumbrance on the part of the researcher.2.4 systematically analyse qualitative approaches including Independent observation, large savours, Development of hypotheses, Statistical analyses.ObservationQualitative empiric research describes and classifies various cultural, racial and sociological groups by employing interpretive and naturalistic approaches. It is both observational and narrative in nature and relies less on the experimental elements ordinarily associated with scientific research of reliability, validity and generalizability. Connelly and Clendenin (1990) suggest that qualitative inquiry relies more on appetency, verisimilitude and transferability. On the other hand, Lincoln and Guba (1985) underscore the importance of credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability in qualitative studies.Large samplesAny of the purposeful sampling techniques can be used in qualitative descriptive studies. Especially useful, though, is level best variation sampling, which allows researchers to explore the common and QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION unique manifestations of a target phenomenon across a broad range of phenomenally and demographically varied cases (Sandelowski,1995).Researchers like Trost, 1986 also choose to sample cases to represent a combine of pre-selected variables , or typical or unusual cases of a phenomenon, in order to describe it as it tends to appear or uncommonly appears. As in any qualitative study, the ultimate goal of purposeful sampling is to obtain cases deemed information-rich for the purposes of study. The obligation of researchers is to defend their sampling strategies as reasonable for their purposes.Task33.1 examine the basic principle of r esearch design with respect to objectives, plan, action, review, report. in all research is different but the following factors are common to all good pieces of research.If the research aims to identify the scale of a problem or need, a more quantitative, randomised, statistical sample survey may be more portion. Good research can often use a combination of methodologies, which complement one another.The research should be carried out in an unbiased fashion. As far as possible the researcher should not influence the results of the research in any way. If this is likely, it needs to be addressed explicitly and systematically.From the beginning, the research should look at appropriate and sufficient resources in terms of people, time, transport, money etc. allocated to it.The people conducting the research should be trained in research and research methods and this training should provideKnowledge around appropriate information gathering techniques,An understanding of research issue s,An understanding of the research area,An understanding of the issues around dealing with vulnerable social care clients and housing clients, specially regarding risk, privacy and sensitivity and the possible need for support.Those involved in designing, conducting, analysing and manage the research should have a full understanding of the subject area.In some instances, it helps if the researcher has experience of working in the area. However, this can also be a negative factor, as sometimes research benefits from the hot eyes and ears of an outsider, which may lead to less bias.If applicable, the information generated from the research will inform the policy-making demonstrate.All research should be ethical and not harmful in any way to the participants.BackgroundWhy is this research important?What other studies have there been in this area?How will this research add to knowledge in this area?ObjectivesWhat do you command to find out?What is the main question you wish to res pond?What are the specific questions you will ask to address the main question? ar you going to do this research on your own or with others? programmeWho are you targeting in this research?How many people or case files do you intend to interview or read through?Where will the research take place?Will participants be clearly and in full informed of the purpose of the research study?How will you do this?How will participants be clear about the expectations of the researcher?Do you have an information sheet and a consent form for participants?ActionIt enables you to examine your own situation.It is a participatory process and allows for input from all those involved.It is collaborative. You work with colleagues and other participants to answer your research question.It allows for an ongoing process of selfevaluation where you tax yourself and your own performance.It assumes that you already have a great deal of schoolmaster knowledge and can continue to develop this knowledge and im prove your practice. reexaminationA review of the literature is an essential part of your academic research. The review is a careful examination of a body of literature pointing toward the answer to your research question.Literature reviewed typically includes scholarly journals, scholarly books, authoritative databases and main(a) sources. Sometimes it includes newspapers and magazines.Primary sources are the origin of information under study, fundamental documents relating to a particular subject or idea. Often they are at first hand accounts written by a witness or researcher at the time of an event or discovery.Secondary sources are documents or recordings that relate to or discuss information originally presented elsewhere. These, too, may be genial as physical objects or electronically in databases or on the Internet.ReportDraft the report from your detailed plan.Do not get too much about the final form and wrangle, but rather on presenting the ideasCoherently and logical ly.Redraft and edit. Check that sections contain the required information and use suitable headings,Check ideas flow in a logical order and remove any unnecessary information.Write in an academic appearance and tone.Use a formal objective style.Generally avoid in-person pronouns however, some reports based on your own field3.2 critically evaluate the success of both qualitative and quantitative research controls using congenator literature.Quantitative ResearchQuantitative Research options have been predetermined and a large number of respondents are involved. By definition, measurement must be objective, quantitative and statistically valid.Simply put, its about numbers, objective hard data. The sample size for a survey is calculated by statisticians using formulas to determine how large a sample size will be requisite from a given population in order to achieve findings with an satisfactory degree of accuracy. Generally, researchers seek sample sizes which yield findings with at least a 95% confidence interval (which means that if you repeat the survey one C times, 95 times out of a hundred, you would get the same response), addition/minus a margin error of 5 percentage points. many surveys are designed to produce a smaller margin of error.Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research is collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data by observing what people do and say. Whereas, quantitative research refers to counts and measures of things, qualitative research refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and descriptions of things.Qualitative research is much more subjective than quantitative research and uses very different methods of collecting information, mainly individual, in-depth interviews and focus groups. The nature of this type of research is exploratory and open-ended. Small numbers of people are interviewed in-depth and/or a relatively small number of focus groups are conducted.Participants are asked to res pond to general questions and the interviewer or group moderator probes and explores their responses to identify and define peoples perceptions, opinions and feelings about the topic or idea being discussed and to determine the degree of agreement that exists in the group. The quality of the finding from qualitative research is directly dependent upon the skills, experience and sensitive of the interviewer or group moderator.This type of research is often less costly than surveys and is extremely effective in acquiring information about peoples communications needs and their responses to and views about specific communications.Basically, quantitative research is objective qualitative is subjective.Quantitative research seeks explanatory laws qualitative research aims at in-depth description. Qualitative research measures what it assumes to be a static reality in hopes of developing universal laws. Qualitative research is an exploration of what is assumed to be a dynamic reality. It does not claim that what is discovered in the process is universal, and thence, replicable. Common differences usually cited between these types of research include.Task44.1 define a research problem or issue by analysing current literature and management practice.Research problemIt is one of the first statements make in any research paper and, as well as defining the research area, should include a quick synopsis of how the hypothesis was arrived at.This will lead to the proposal of a viable hypothesis. As an aside, when scientists are putting forward proposals for research funds, the quality of their research problem often makes the difference between success and failure.Defining a Research caperLack of force that drives the people to have the way they do and they behave even in hardship.Qualitative research designs use inductive ratiocination to propose a research problem.Reasoning Cycle Scientific ResearchThis is called the conceptual definition, and is an overall view of t he problem.Lack of need is like quantity abstract concepts, such as intelligence, emotions, and subjective responses, and then a system of measuring numerically needs to be established, allowing statistical analysis and replication.For example, penury may be measured with a questionnaire fromstrongly disagreedisagreedont knowagreestrongly agree4.2 Examine the background and content of the researchEarly explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists authorship in the late 19th and early twentieth century suggested that human beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways, depending upon the behavioural cues to which they were exposed. Sigmund Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of individual behaviour were those of which the individual was not consciously aware.According to Motivation and Leadership at Work (Steers, Porter, and Bigley, 1996), in the early twentieth century researchers began to examine other possible explanati ons for differences in individual motivation. Some researchers focused on sexual drives as an explanation for propel behaviour. Others studied the effect of coning and how individuals base current behaviour on the consequences of past behaviour. Still others examined the influence of individuals cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have about future events. Over time, these study theoretical streams of research in motivation were classified into two major(ip) schools the content theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation.4.3 Develop research questions to elicit facts, information, gaps in knowledge, and dichotomies in management processes and practices.Research questions and hypotheses narrow the purpose statement and constitute major signposts for readers. Qualitative researchers ask at least one primordial question and several sub questions. They begin the questions with words such as how or what and use exploratory verbs, such as explore or descr ibe. They pose broad, general questions to allow the participants to explain their ideas. They also focus initially on one central phenomenon of interest. The questions may also mention the participants and the site for the research.1. Determine if a mixed methods study is needed to study the problem2. Consider whether a mixed methods study is feasible3. Write both qualitative and quantitative research questions4. Review and decide on the types of data collection5. Assess the relative weight and implementation strategy for each method6. Present a visual model7. Determine how the data will be analyzed8. Assess the criteria for evaluating the study9. Develop a plan for the studyI move on mixed methods researchers to construct withdraw mixed methods questions in their studies. This question might be written to emphasize the procedures or the content of the study, and it might be placed at different points. By writing this question, the researcher conveys the importance of integrating or unite the quantitative and qualitative elements. Several models exist for writing mixed methods questions into studies writing only quantitative questions or hypotheses and qualitative questions, or writing both quantitative questions or hypotheses and qualitative questions followed by a mixed methods question, or writing only a mixed methods question.4.4 critically evaluate the project plan from the following perspectives ethical, social, legal, stakeholders.Ethical and LegalWhen most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong, such as the chromatic Rule (Do unto others as you would have them do unto you). This is the most common way of defining ethics for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and insufferable behaviour.Even conducting our research we have to look into following ethical aspects money plantObjectivityIntegrityCarefulnessOpennessRespect for Intellectual placeConfidentialityResponsible PublicationRes ponsible MentoringRespect for colleaguesSocial ResponsibilityNon-DiscriminationcompetencyLegalityAnimal CareHuman Subjects ProtectionTask 5Critically evaluate what implications previous research into the topic chosen have for the research proposal.Implications in research of motivation at work by-line can be expected as implications in research of motivation at work.Lack of secondary dataSome secondary data is bound and insufficient. Sometimes, external parties dont like to give their real idea about regarding their motivation.Draw backs in primary data collectionIt is very difficult. Be thrust, all data not already available. Some data related people feels, attitudes or opinion. And next important fact is both of primary data have qualitative and quantitative behaviour. Both of data is dependents on peoples opinion. measure constraintsStudents have very limited time in their academic passage and this research should conduct simultaneously with other learning activities. Therefore , It is difficult to traction all learning and research activities under limited time management. financial constraintsDue to cost involved mainly with the process of data collection, limited number of sources and the small size of sample area can cause biased findings which may mislead the results.5.2 systematically analyse literature pertinent to the content of the proposal.Great scholars Gardner Lambert, 1972 proposed that motivation is influenced by two orientations to language learning. An combinative orientation is typical of someone who identifies with and values the target language and community, and who approaches language study with the intention of entering that community.Such an individual is thought to have an internal, more enduring motivation for language study. Instrumentally motivated learners, on the other hand, are more likely to see language learning as enabling them to do other useful things, but as having no special significance in itself. Such learners wil l be motivated if they see language learning as having beneficial career prospects or something that will enable them to use transactional language with speakers of the foreign language.A second problem he argues is whether the integrative/instrumental conceptualization captures the full spectrum of student motivation. It may be that, for a given population of second language students, there are reasons for language learning that are unrelated to either of the two motivational orientations. I agree with Ely that it is not always liberal to tell one from the other. For example, there are students who dont like to study, but they have to, because they have pressure from their parents, peers, teachers, and so forth. This is also a type of motivation which cant belong to either of the two motivational orientations.5.3 Make conclusions regarding different approaches to and outcomes of research.Lack of motivation to learn is very striking thing in almost all of the schools in Japan. I be lieve some of the schools in other countries also face the same problem. One of the things I found through this literature review is that if we, as teachers, cant motivate students to learn directly, we should look at different ways to try to motivate them indirectly. For example, we should encourage them to be autonomous learner, increase their confidence, and try to get rid of disquiet they have in learning.That will lead to great motivation eventually, and thus lead to success in learning. One of the strategies we can use is need analysis. We must find out which aspects of L2 learning are personally worthful to students and must design tasks that support those aspects. For example, if students will go abroad, they will need to communicate with people in English, s

Friday, March 29, 2019

A Comparison of the Roman and Mongol Empires

A Comparison of the papistic and Mongolian pudding stonesContents inst entirelyationThe popish conglomerateJulius CaesarG alwaysy dwellingnance religion wiliness and warThe Mongols conglomerateGenghis KhanG everywherenanceReligionwarfargonMughal pudding stoneAkbar the EmperorGovernanceReligion and CultureCommon Characteristics of the Empires and Emperors born(p) to Wealthy, Political, and/or KingshipContinue from the fannyGovernanceStrength for source of baronWarfare as a means of expansionRelevant lessonsBibliographyIntroductionOne of the lessons of history is that unconstipated the deepest crises erect be mo workforcets of opportunity. They bring ideas from the margins into the primary(prenominal)stream (Mulgan, 2009). Empires maintain amaze and gone away and the lessons they brought to the world remain in the minds of the peck and documented in the books of world history. The word empire has a very broad definition and round often misinterpret the word. To many an other(prenominal) it means dictatorship, war among refinings, exploiting the poor, high profile palaces and Kings and emperors living in blow ruling over a growing conquest. Although just about dissever of all this is authorized all of this is history in the world we live in today all that is left is lessons that they brought and the t apieceings that we still abide by even to this day history brings to a greater extent(prenominal) to the table than most people come to think because the presidential term structures used today, religions, coatings and arts are all brought by the historical world that is passed.In this paper, we are going to controvert the picture history of three empires in history that came in different eras face at their history, their similarities and the lessons that sack up be drawn from them. The focus will be mainly cast on governance and city planning save also ta world-beater a look at how religion and culture exercised governance and to w hat extent. How artistry also played a part in planning the cities of the past and how all of these play a major fictional character in our cities today.The empires that are going to be discussed include The papist Empire, The Mongols Empire and the Mughal Empire. The structure of the paper is discussing the brief history of the above-mentioned empires individually wherefore from at that place we look at the common characteristics that exist in each empire that made them successful, this paper will further discuss the differences, the lessons that we can train from history that are still pertinent today in terms of governance and city planning.The papistic EmpireSome scholars indicate that the Roman Empire existed even during the Republic although to some extent this is true it was just n constantly visible. It all started in Rome a city-state that is placed 25 kilometres from the mouth of the Tiber River. It consisted of high advanced culture and starchy army which mad e it a force playful civilisation (Edward, 1979).Figure 1 Roman Empire (Anon, 2008)Julius CaesarJulius is seen as the engineer of the Empire, he was born to a puritanic family in 100 B.C.E to a chief in the senate house of the Roman Republic. He rose in popularity in Rome. Popular with the troops and the people because of his conquest of Gaul A brilliant military commander. He was murdered on the 15th of bump into 44 B.C.E stabbed 23 time by the senate this triggered a civil war which saw Augustus take over the Republic and turning it into an Empire (Bladen, 2011).GovernanceRome transitioned from a Monarchy to a Republic so finally to an Empire. This gave a clear distinction between the Proletariat and the bourgeoisie, the rich and the poor, women and men. Only a group of people were allowed to be citizens during the Roman Empire. It was ruled over by one individual who was accustomed the divine power due to power, wealth or any other valuable contributor. The Empire spread a ll over the Mediterranean sea as sh sustain above by the picture, ruled by peace there was almost no warfare. This dictatorship system go along for the rest of the Empire (Garnsey Saller, 2014)ReligionThe Romans and conquered personnel brought many cults to the Empire they worshiped in churches and their homes, they made sacrifices and held festivals in their honour. Rituals were the main threshold of Roman Religion. Rome was the birth of early Christianity (Garnsey Saller, 2014).Trade and WarfareWith the emergence of trade routes and sea transport at the spunk of Rome trade and warfare where the big thrust factors to the growth of empire. gentle wars and oppression new territories gave Rome more resources they acquired new skills from captives, and more slaves that change magnitude the working force (Hopkins, 1980).The Mongols EmpireBoasting at twice the wreak area of the Roman Empire The Mongols have the largest land empire in world history which stretched long and wide f rom Central Asia to Central Europe, over to the Sea Of Japan then to Siberia and Indian subcontinents and lastly to Arabia (Khan, 1984).It existed from 1206 to 1368. The Mongols were horse men which enabled them to grow their empire wider and further quicker. The acquiring of horses and other livestock enabled then to greatly enhance their military strength (Rachewiltz, 2013).Figure 2 Mongol Empire (Anon, 2010)Genghis KhanBorn to a politically strong family during the stratum 1161. Brilliant organizer and military address he built the tail end of the Mongols Empire. He died on the 18th of August 1227 which triggered unrest to his grandsons that saw it relevant to grow what he started in memory of his life (Weatherford, 2004).GovernanceThe equity was drawn up by Genghis Khan himself with a vital demo of instating the Death Penalty which made the civilisation to be more peaceful. It was impregnable and well run because anyone who goes against the rules set out would endure a ba dly penalty (Rachewiltz, 2013).The Non-democratic parliament central assembly was held at the Kurutai where members where the bureaucratic members of the civilisation and the chief was the only one allowed to directly communicate with the Emperor to discuss political and civil related information This dictatorship system keep for the rest of the Empire. Trade routes and postal systems were invented during this time (May, 2012).ReligionAlthough the Emperor allowed for apparitional granting immunity the transition of religious systems went from Buddhism to Christianity then finally to Islam. Although citizens were allowed to follow which ever religion they chose (Mumford, 1946).WarfareThey were generally horsemen which gave them an advantage over they foot soldiered opponents they travelled in 10s as they attacked (Saunders, 1971).Figure 3 Mongol Army (Anon, 2012)Mughal EmpireIn 1494 an 11 year old boy by the yell of Babur inherited a Kingdom from his bring, the elders thought it would better suit the interest group of the empire to take away the kingdom from the boy and assume power driving him away from the land, but little did they know that the boy have the power to come back and rule over his fathers empire. After being banished he built an army so strong it could withhold any op line. The conventional beginning of the empire begins when the army of Babur fabricated victory over Ibrahim Lodi in the very first battle of battle of Panipat in 1526. He was a brilliant general and a mastermind in war this is clearly shown by his conquest of an army that had lakh troops with his army of just merely 12000. He laid the main foundation of the Empire leaving his children to take the throne after he died (Schimmel, 2004).Figure 4 Mughal Empire (Anon, 2013)Akbar the EmperorBaburs son was the driving force in the small decline of the empire that was growing ever small because of his lack of brilliance in the war field. Akbar on the other grew the Empire through his knowledge and understanding of humans (Sharma, 1999).After conquering his opponents Akbar took the opportunity of growing the culture of his Empire by incorporating the cultures into his Empire.GovernanceHe ruled as the divine ruler with the help from his Bureaucratic officials which organise part of a senate with the chief of the being the one that has direct communication to the Emperor. He approached the position with some element of ease. This dictatorship system continued for the rest of the Empire (Schimmel, 2004).Religion and CultureThe Empire was well travel with different cultures and religions due to the brilliance of Akbar with his ability to blend cultures, He allowed for freedom of Religion this meant that anyone in the empire could worship their own God hes tolerance was seen when he married women from all different types religions and allowed them to confide in the palace (Schimmel, 2004).The official Religion in the Mughal Empire was Islam but the blending c reated a host of different cultures new ideas on education, art, political science and language (Sharma, 1999).Common Characteristics of the Empires and EmperorsBorn to Wealthy, Political, and/or KingshipThe most remembered people that gave a foundation to the respective empires were all born to highly recognized families. depression we look at Julius Caesar who was born to a patrician family with the father part of the higher order of society which gave him the platform to be greater than his father that is why he continued on to lay a foundation for the Roman Empire (Bladen, 2011). Genghis Khan was born to a political and plastered family which gave him the power and popularity to go on and exploit this side and take dismantle to bringing the Mongol Empire (May, 2012). Babur was a son of a king that is why he was presented with the opportunity to rule, although his elders took it away hes constitution to rule was fulfilled when he conquered Ibrahim Lodi and took over (Sharma, 1999).Continue from the foundationThe posterity of the foundation kings took over the Empires and grew them to greater heights. The children and grand-children grew the Empires to greater Heights. Augustus took Rome to another train of empire and so did the emperors that followed him (Bunson, 1994). gedei Khan was assigned by Genghis Khan to be his successor this proved crucial to the growth of the empire (Rachewiltz, 2013). Akbar the grandson of Babur grew the empire to rifle the largest land empire in history (Sharma, 1999).GovernanceThey all adopt governance structure according to what they thought would work for the current time, place and assumption resources.Strength for source of powerThe empires used the resources given to hand what they managed to achieve. Looking at the Mongols they used horses to expand their territory because they could cover more land quicker and faster and it gave them an advantage over opponents at war.Warfare as a means of expansionThey fought to keep their empires and they fought to gather more land and power which was common to all the above empires as a means of expanding their territoryRelevant lessonsEventually the needs of the people are much greater than the needs of those in power, by addressing the needs of the people then you will be undecomposed in terms of popularity and your position in power will be solidified. This is shown by the Akbar in the Mughal he tolerated the conquered to continue their religion even after hes captured them (Schimmel, 2004). liberty of religion gives power to the ruling class because it keeps the dwellers happy. Well assembled civilisations in terms of governance are safe and well run because everyone is happy because they can do whatever they want but abiding by the given rules. The death Penalty by Genghis Khan was a relevant governance structure. This reduces high level crimes like murder so this is a good lesson (May, 2012). How such a small group of Mongols Empire managed to conquered such a vast piece of land was because they were contempt in incorporating they groups that they win over into their empire and this meant that they didnt have some kind of barrier that doesnt allow for outsiders so this meant cultures were well engineered to meet the cultural dynamic distant most cultures that dont allow other cultures to enter. City construct was influenced by arts and culture that was in the empire and the desired try of the Emperor because he has the final say on the building of the city. finishingEach Empire has its own significant characteristics but at some point they overlap to some extent which means that they have some strong similarities as to how their Empires began which was due to the power hungry political children in an attempt to by-pass their parents success.How they handle their conquered territories is also different bit some choose to incorporate cultures some just choose to instate their own into the lives of the captives.We can d raw a lot from history although we refuse to take the lessons and incorporate them because we think we know better and that history is irrelevant although it plays a vital role in our lives now and it will continue to influence our ideas even in times to comeBibliographyAnon, 2008. Roman Empire. Online obtainable at http//www.crystalinks.com/romanempire.html Accessed 20 expose 2015.Anon, 2010. Colonialism in India and China. Online Available at http//colonialism-india-china.weebly.com/mongol-empire.html Accessed 21 March 2015.Anon, 2012. Badass. Online Available at http//badassoftheweek.com/index.cgi?id=84324331289 Accessed 22 March 2015.Anon, 2013. Mr. G AHS. Online Available at https//sites.google.com/site/mrgahs/home/period-4-global-interactions-1450-ce-to-1750-ce/mughal-empire Accessed 22 March 2015.Bladen, V., 2011. Julius Caesar. Australia Insight Publications.Bunson, M., 1994. Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. newborn York Facts on File.Edmondson, J.C., 1989. Mining in th e Later Roman Empire and beyond Continuity or Disruption? The Journal of Roman Studies, 79(1), pp.84-102.Edward, 1979. The distinguished Strategy of the Roman Empire From the First Century A.D. to the Third. Baltimore John Hopkins University Press.Garnsey, P. Saller, R., 2014. The Roman Empire Economy, Society and Culture. capital of the United Kingdom Bloomsbury Publishing.Hall, P., 1998. Cities in civilization culture, innovation, and urban order. London Phoenix.Hopkins, K., 1980. Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire. Journal Of Roman Studies, 70(1), pp.101-25.Khan, P., 1984. The Secret taradiddle of the Mongols The Origin of Chinghis Khan. Boston Cheng and Tsui Company.May, T., 2012. The Mongol Conquests in World History. London Reaktion Books.Mulgan, G., 2009. Ted. Online Available at https//www.ted.com/talks/geoff_mulgan_post_crash_investing_in_a_better_world_1/transcript?language=en Accessed 20 March 2015.Mumford, L., 1946. The Culture of Cities. 5th ed. London Martin Secker and Wraburg Limited.Rachewiltz, I.d., 2013. The Secret History of the Mongols A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. Asia Brill.Saunders, J.J., 1971. The History of the Mongol Conquests. Philadelphia Routledge.Schimmel, A., 2004. The Empire of the swell Mughals History, Art and Culture. London Reaktion Books.Sharma, S.R., 1999. Mughal Empire in India A Systematic choose Including Source Material. New Delhi Atlantic Publishers.Weatherford, J., 2004. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. New York Crown Publishers.

Quantity Surveying Estimating Methods Impact

amount Surveying Estimating Methods fixIn view of the fact that the profession was being introduced in the country, Quantity Surveyors atomic number 18 edifice professionals which being patronized under the Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia and its be on of Quantity Surveyor Malaysia. Advices ar given by Quantity Surveyors on aspects of m unriv every last(predicate)ed and only(a)tary and extortual administration (ISM, 2004).ISM (2004) define, the Quantity Surveyor as the experts of capable in appeal and focal point of reflexion visualizes and besides invite to expense the Bills of Quantities, negotiating and agreeing register of treasures. fit in to Andrew Doyle and Will Hughes (1997), the Quantity Surveying profession is incessantly scrutinised, with fastness demands for higher(prenominal) verity estimating. too, Mohammad Barzandeh (2009) defines estimating as the surgery of calculated guessing by looking into the future be of a tress chore come forward front start counterfeit. It happens before facial expression has started. The Quantity Surveyor is responsible for these casts which serve to feature sure that wind realize go away stool a boffo fiscal outcome. Phuwadol Samphaongoen (2009) democracys construction terms estimating as a cumber or so cargon for. An veracious conduct takes a recollective season for the calculating machine to complete it. affirmers electronic study act uponing system has to prep atomic number 18 be guesss quite often for new projects. According to Skit more, et al (1990), the aim of construction equipment casualty estimating is to tin an estimate of the market cost for the construction contains.In the other hand, Holm et al (2005) defines cost estimating as the edge of analysing a specific scope of change state which predicting the cost of manageing the work. follow estimating besides involves collecting, analysing and summarising all available selective information f ixd to a construction project. Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998) define a wide definition of an estimate which is a anticipation of probable cost. According to Mohammad Barzandeh (2009), estimating is one of the most beta functions for a prosperous construction project. These Estimates also influence the decisions made for budgeting and assist in Clients decisions for infusion of the contractor.1.2 Problem StatementCost run over is a materially frequent phenomenon as most of the construction projects in Malaysia facing this problem. Cost overrun occurs when the final cost or expenditure of the construction project beyond the original estimation cost. Cost overrun occurs in twain development and developed countries. (A.S. Ali S.N. Kamaruzzaman, 2010)Besides, Kai Zhu (2005) emphasizes, cost estimation and planning is a actually important and fundamental aspect in the construction litigate, it facilitates pitchive and efficient envision of the construction proj ects. Despite their importance, often in practice be name of clock judgment of conviction constraints, its requirements atomic number 18 non usually fulfilled which in the long run reckon a projects quality, duration and budget.According to Kai Zhu (2005), one of the factors that ca social function cost overrun in Malaysia construction exertion which is the in the true of cost estimation prepargond by Quantity Surveyors, the possible consequence of cost overrun is abandon of construction project repayable to dishonor. On the other hand, overestimated cost could result vent of opportunities by the Client and loss of contract award by the contractor, both the Client and the asserter could incur signifi stinkpott losses payable to underestimated cost.In addition, Stephen D. Schuette et al (1994) emphasises that in correct construction project estimates competency allow a detrimental effect on all parties involved. M some(prenominal) additional factors which baron affect the future typesetters cases of construction project such as childbed productiveness, material avail dexterity, monetary markets, weather, constructability issues, equipment availability, contract types, ethics, quality issues, control system, management ability and others.1.3 ObjectivesObjectivesTo identify the factors that affecting the accuracy of estimation by Quantity Surveyor during pre- nettlesome and listener stage.To identify the impact of inaccuracy in estimation to the Client and/or the Contractor.To spring recommendation for minimise the inaccuracy of estimation during pre-tender and tender stage.1.4 Rationale of studyKeith Potts (2011) lands, the estimating assist is genuinely important, as it enables construction companies to fall their direct cost and provides a bottom line cost below which it would non be sparing for them to carry out the construction work. Leng (2005) also states, cost estimation is one of the most important activities of the entire pro ject duration. An over-estimate could lead to tender non being accepted by the Client and losing potential work. An under-estimate could lead to Contractor losing money.According to Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998), cost estimate play the major role in the decision-making process which leads from concept to completion of a construction project. Cost estimating has croak very important under economic conditions with high inflations and fiscal constraints.As mentioned by Keith Potts (2011), the basic challenges faced by the Contractors ready reckoner is to estimate the costs of constructing a project account for the specific construction activities and after that take the construction project within the estimated cost and schedule. Contractor to build a construction project profitably, the cost estimating and cost control skills ar very essential for the Contractor.Kai Zhu (2005) recommends that the factors which affect the accuracy of estimation should be identifying in golf club to increase the accuracy of estimation. Besides, absolute cost estimation minimise the venture of cost overrun, provides confidence on construction project outcomes to the management and contributes to the strategic management of the organization. According to Zaitoun Shadeed Al-Khaldi (1990), on that point are many factors that affect the accuracy of construction cost estimating and it should be taken into account in the betimes stage of an estimate. Some of the factors eject increase costs and the possibility of contractual disputes amidst the various parties involved.1.5 Research MethodologiesAs stated by Richard Fellows Anite Liu (2008), there are cardinal major approaches being employed for information collection, which are primary data and secondary data. Primary sources allow the researcher to go as close as possible to what actually happened during a historic event or time period. A secondary source is a work which interprets or analyses an historic eve nt or phenomenon. It is worldwidely at least one step removed from the event and is normally base on primary sources.According to Richard Fellows Anite Liu (2008), primary sources heap be categorise into soft, quantitative or a mixed method research. In qualitative approaches seek to obtain insight and to understand peoples perception. quantifiable approaches tend to relate to positivism and seek to obtain factual data, to study human relationship between facts and how such facts and relationships accord with theories and the searching from any research executed previously. consultation will be aimed in order to derive primary data. Besides, Quantitative approach such as questionnaires will be employed and conduct through postal delivery and e-mail.According to Denscombe (2007), secondary data provide the researcher theoretical background and knowledge. Secondary data will be collected by literature review method, which include reading journal, articles, published electro nic, thesis or dissertation done by other students, discussion and books. For this project dissertation, majority of the secondary data is collected through books, articles and journals.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Factors affecting the accuracy of estimatingAccording to Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998), accuracy in estimating relies on freedom of avoidable mistakes. Estimates errors may also be attributed to adept foul errors in calculations or simply to careless blunders. Some ordinary blunders are misplacing a decimal point, failing to include the total of every estimate sheet in the final summary, errors in transferring figures from one sheet to a nonher, simple multiplication or addition mistakes and misreading a number beca recitation of ill-defined handwriting. Any one of these types of errors can lead a significant effect on the accuracy of an estimate.2.1.1 Construction points2.1.1.1 Complexity of projectMichael kitchens (1996) emphasises that the constructio n industry has become increasingly abstruse through the years as a result of improvement and ad cutting edgece in technology, natural evolution and litigation. H. van Meerveld, et al (2009) states that the level of complexity of a construction project is a function of three features which include organisational complexity, resource complexity and/or skilful complexity. Cost estimation world power influence by organisational complexity, resource complexity and/or technical complexity.As mentioned by Michael kitchens (1996), organisational complexity is the number of people, departments and organisations that are involved. Organisational complexity might lead to a loss of nurture due to communication becomes more difficult when more people are involved. The education that is lost can sometimes be necessary for acquiring an estimate. Organisational complexity can also indicate that computing devices work coincidingly on the selfsame(prenominal) project. In this case, electron ic computers exact to put more effort into coordinating this simultaneous work.According to H. van Meerveld et al. (2009), resource complexity is the chroma of resources involved constantly assessed through the budget of the construction project. Resource complexity means that the boilers suit amount of work needed to estimate increases which also increase the happening of making mistakes or errors.H. van Meerveld et al. (2009) note that technical complexity is the level of innovation involved in the product or the construction project process or novelty of interfaces between several(predicate) parts of that process or product. Technical complexity means that electronic computers will have to trade name manual adjustment to acquire a more dead-on(prenominal) estimate on the concomitant construction project. In projects that are more complex are subject to a higher chance for the change of invention. The Estimator has to re-estimate the complete project or parts of it depen ding on the sort of design changes.H. van Meerveld et al. (2009) state that in general there are dickens issues influence the estimating activities on more complex projects, which include a higher demand for coordination and structure to prepare an estimating for the construction project. Besides, if complexity increases estimating will need more effort to acquire an estimate and the probability of making mistakes increases.However, jibe to A. Ashworth et al., the complexity of modern construction industry and the variety of processes utilise have especial(a) the availability of reliable feedback of information. In practice, the Estimator will have to use his own standard outputs and couple these with an expectation of future performance.2.1.1.2 drudge productivityAs stated by Donald F. McDonald et al (2004), on construction projects there are numerous circumstances and events that may cause productivity to decline which the Estimator might not anticipated when estimating the c onstruction cost. Estimating hollows and equipments costs requires more knowledge of construction techniques and go throughd judgment as oppose with estimating material cost. As estimating labours and equipment cost has the greatest uncertainty is in predicting the productivity of the labours and equipment that used on the construction project.According to Aiyetan Ayodeji Olatunji (2010), construction productivity is influenced by many factors which including material, equipment, tools, construction methods, management skills in terms of adequacy and accurate masking. Donald F. McDonald et al (2004) mention that as a result of poor project management may be caused by the failure to properly schedule and coordinate the work and the Estimator might not expected that event of the poor project management.According to Donald F. McDonald et al (2004), work that is not schedule properly which might lead to bypassage of critical construction equipment or labours and incorrect mix of la bour crews may result in reduced productivity of the labour because the labour may not able to work as efficiently as they could. Improperly planned and implemented project initiation procedures might also lead to lost labour productivity.Donald F. McDonald et al (2004) also states that if material, tools or construction equipment are not available to particular labour at the right location and timing, the productivity of the particular labour probably acquit as they may be unable to pop off in a consistent manner. Productivity of the labour might suffer if the wrong tools or improperly sized equipment is provided. In addition, poor identify layout design can affect the productivity.In addition, lee side Holm et al. (2005) emphasise that estimating should be vary depend on site conditions, labour size, labour experience and equipment selected for the particular construction project. As lost productivity of labours are not tracked normally or cannot be discerned separately and co ntemporaneously.2.1.1.3 Insufficient timeDavid G. Carmichael (2002) emphasises that construction projects involving design time of months or years which request the Contractors to outline the tender documents and submit the tender within a relative short period. The planning, estimating, developing a work method, studies and others are prepared within a short period or an insufficient time is allowed. The Contractors is required an assign tender period to develop thorough the tender.David G. Carmichael (2002) states that as insufficient time is given to the Contractor for estimating and price the tender in rushing process, the Contactor might miss out any prior consideration. Binnington Copeland Associates (2012) also state that as the failure to allow the Estimator adequate time to carefully consider and pricing for risks which might result in excessively high tender prices where substantial contingency is allowed by the Estimator to cover unexpected situation, as the Estimator had not enough time to get across with it. Besides, according to David G. Carmichael (2002), this presents a challenge to the Estimator who has to prepare and complete several estimates and tenders in a relative short period of time. serrated wrack Wai Kuen, Raymond (2005) emphasises that insufficient time for cost estimating is the prior factors which cause inaccurate cost estimating incur, as construction platformmes are very tight and designs are ofttimes changed. The performance of cost management adversely affects the Estimator to estimates as insufficient time is provided.2.1.1.4 Inadequate informationAccording to Aiyetan Ayodeji Olatunji (2010), majority of the Contractors Estimator facing problem when tendering for a construction project which the information provided is insufficient. Under this circumstance, the Estimator must appoint his or her own estimation and assumption on it, if inaccurate estimation has been made, it may lead the Contactor overestimate or underes timate. Overestimate might cause the Contractor unable to award the construction project, underestimate might cause the Contractor unable to gain profit from the particular project or more worst still abandon of work due to insufficient financial to run the construction project.2.1.1.5 Lack of availability of equipmentThere are two major circumstances which faced by the Estimator when estimating or pricing the tender. Firstly, the Estimator might require estimating the fluctuation of the price of equipment for relative long of period as the construction period normally last for some years. Secondly, during tendering stage the Estimator might require deciding whether own the equipment or hire the equipment from specialist company if the project require certain equipment which the Contractor does not own the equipment (Zaitoun Shadeed Al-Khaldi, 1990).According to Zaitoun Shadeed Al-Khaldi (1990), the Estimator has to evaluate and select one particular piece of equipment, it is essen tial to determine its hourly cost very accurately. Some factors have to be considered during this stage, which are number of hours used per day, month and year, severity of job conditions, the way the equipment has been maintained and the demand for equipment owned by the Contractor when it is sold. In addition, the price of the equipment might be increase due to inflation or many mega projects are run con legitimately which might cause the unavailability of the equipment.2.1.1.6 Incomplete drawing and detail designLee Holm et al. (2005) emphasise that the accuracy of estimate also will depend upon the completeness of the contract documents provided and others. In addition, the factors of incomplete drawing and detail design as the factors which cause inaccuracy of estimation in construction project. During tendering, the Contractors Estimator is carrying out the estimating work due to drawing is unclear and none very detail shown in the drawing. The Estimator has to make his or her own assumption for estimating and pricing the tender. This factor will increase the chance of inaccuracy estimation for the particular construction project.2.1.1.7 Computerised estimating bundleThe actual use of the ready reckoner for estimating is varied within the construction industry. Some companies use the computer for all construction projects with a high degree of mundanity and some other companies do not use the computer at all. (Stephen D. Schuette Roger W. Liska, 1994)Phuwadol Samphaongoen (2009) defines detailed cost estimating as a cumbersome process that involves a lot of data and calculations, improvement in technology that could assist the estimating process of construction cost it could reduce the Estimators work load. Computers are considered to be in force(p) tools for assisting Estimators during the pre-tendering and tendering stage. Computers provide many benefits to the Estimator, which including reducing estimation errors, the time required and others.Ste phen D. Schuette Roger W. Liska (1994) state that the premature uses of computers by the construction companies were prepareed to accounting functions only. The improvement in micro-computering have change magnitude knowledge of computer capabilities construction managers have begun to use computers in everyday construction operations to make quick and accurate decisions.Phuwadol Samphaongoen (2009) states estimating technologies which include spreadsheets, builds soft, microsoft excel, cost estimating parcel, digitizing tablets, on-screen digitizing systems and the yet to be matured 3-D click parametric estimating parcel and others. During the detailed cost estimating process various packet packages are available to assist the Estimator. The capabilities of software packages vary greatly, as some of the software is include labour, equipment and material cost databases, after the database is set up which could facilitates the estimating process.According to Phuwadol Samphaon goen (2009), a spreadsheet is a computer application which simulates a publisher worksheet. It arrange for the user with cells that are compiled into rows and columns. Each of the cells can contain every text, numerical values or formula, it can be defined in cells to obtain calculated value from the related cells. Complicated mathematical calculations can be automated with a change or alter of a single cell with the use of formula in the spreadsheet. Estimator uses the worksheets to drive on the estimating process. A template can be set up by the Estimator with saved formula in the spreadsheet. Quantity take-off calculations can perform within a spreadsheet by the Estimator. Although a spreadsheet requires a lot of enter from the Estimator, it could remove the cumbersome and error prone manual calculations during the measuring stick take-off and pricing.As stated by Mofti Bin Marjuki (2006), Global Estimating is an estimating program which has been tailored for moneymaking(pre nominal) use in the construction industry. Bills of Quantities or detailed Estimates and Cost Plans can be produce through this program. Designed primarily for use by commercial building Contractors and professional Quantity Surveyors it includes features which allow it to be used in other industries where estimating is required. The grouping columns in this program are very powerful as it can be re-sorted or analysed the entered information. For example, the estimate can be summarised to produce totals by area, block, stage, cost centre, accounting group, or any user defined set of codes.Mofti Bin Marjuki (2006) mentioned Microsoft excel can be used for contains or store industry standard cost data in the CSI format for all cost categories covering general construction. social unit prices include material and labor including labor hours. This software provide slow modify and add cost data to suit local anesthetic conditions and business. Besides that, Microsoft excel instantly cr eates user-modifiable, onscreen or printed estimate reports including price quotation. In addition, this software can save time, improve accuracy and achieve greater success.Phuwadol Samphaongoen (2009) notes that a digitizing tablet is a computer input device which uses a mode and a tracking surface to capture the drawing on to the computer system. The drawing traced on the tracking surface transfers point coordinates to a computer it can be used for many different purposes which including construction cost estimating. Digitizing tablets purpose in construction cost estimating is to digitize the paper-based blueprints provided by Estimator or the designer.For example, the Estimator can get the length, perimeter and area out of the drawing by the scale provided in the blueprints. These parameters are available when using the digitizing tablet through software package. After the paper blueprints have been digitized and the quantities for all work items have been determined, the Est imator might those quantities to estimate the prices of items, but quantity takeoff using the digitizing tablets may cause errors from unstable hand during examine the drawing. Digitizing require a large number of blueprints which is very time-consuming process to the Estimator. (Phuwadol Samphaongoen, 2009)Phuwadol Samphaongoen (2009) mentioned that 3-D computer aided drawing (CAD) models allow estimators visualize what is waiver to be built in the 3-D environment. The ability to digitally bring up and transfer data can speed up and facilities the cost estimating process. A building model allow the user seen in many different views which include details of elements, dimensions can be extracted and transferred to the estimating software.In the other hand, Stephen D. Schuette Roger W. Liska, (1994) state that the duties of the Estimator might change if the Estimators company implements the use of the computer in the estimating process. Before computerisation estimating process th e Estimator spent the greatest amount of time determining the quantities of materials and performing math calculations. Computers accomplish these tasks rapidly and accurately permit the Estimator to give more attention and concentration to alternative construction methods, material supplier negotiations, predicting the productivity of labours, developing accurate cost information and bidding strategies.Everything that comes out of the computer, the Estimator should not accept it blindly or rely totally on the computerised system as the computer cannot make judgment. The result of the computerised estimate software should always review by Estimator to avoid errors and mistakes as computerised estimate software is not immune to technical faults which are likely not to be detected easily and early as recommend by Stephen D. Schuette Roger W. Liska (1994).Besides, Stephen D. Schuette Roger W. Liska (1994) state that computerised estimate software could also be susceptible to technic al limitations such as inability to work under certain conditions, inability to work well with other tools and limited to technical support. It might trigger severe consequences on estimating processes due to the Estimators insufficiency of knowledge on those computerised estimate software.The manifestations of tool based error are which included software construction, faults from programme performance frameworks, errors from a secondary source, end-users unlike use, inability to interact perfectly with other applications and others (Oluwole Allfred Olatunji, 2010).In addition, Oluwole Allfred Olatunji (2010) mentions that computerised estimate software could obsolesce of standards due to evolution of information technology in the estimating industry, specially description libraries and databases used for automatic estimating. Estimators or applications must be updated frequently when built into a programme as reference standards for reviewed, otherwise that the program possibili ty miss-apply the standards.2.1.1.8 Experience or qualification of Quantity Surveyor EstimatorAccording to Skitmore et al. (1990), expert Quantity Surveyors in the UK provided evidence of significant differences in estimating accuracy between the individual surveyors involved. Lee Holm et al. (2005) emphasise that the accuracy of estimate also will depend upon the completeness of the experience of the Estimator and others. As stated by Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998), the Estimators knowledge can provide a measure of insight and accuracy that is unobtainable from any other information sources.According to Skitmore et al. (1990), construction contract price estimating practice is, with very few exceptions, heavily dependent on the skill of the Estimator. This skill is associated with the other factors affecting the quality of Estimator which are the nature of the target, information, technique and feedback and the personal attributes of the forecaster himself combining to pr ovide the general term of expertise.Besides that, Mudd (1984, p.1-2) has described that Contactors Estimator should associated with certain qualities. These include intimately basic numerate and literate education, reasonable time spent on site, interpret drawings, ability to communicate, facility to make accurate mathematical calculations, application of logic and common sense, patience, able to cope with a vast volume of paper, a working knowledge of all the major trades, close relationship with those peoples who are responsible for construction, a knack of picking up utile information, flexibility and others.2.1.1.9 New/innovative techniques or materialsThe implemention of Industrialised Building constitution (IBS) is still not widespread in the industry despite the establishment has encouraged the implementation of IBS towards reducing percentage of foreign works and improving quality, productivity, safety and competitiveness through IBS construction method. IBS is a constr uction process that utilises techniques, products, components or building system which involved prefabricated components and on-site installation (CIDB 200).Salihudin Hassim, Mohd Saleh Jaafar and Saiful Azri Abu Hasan Sazalli (2009) emphasise that since the first project of IBS in year 1964 till today, IBS in Malaysia is not well accepted by the construction parties because of failure to adequately deal with risk in the IBS projects. The failure to keep in cost estimate in IBS project is still common in Malaysia and it is one of the reasons that limit the development of IBS in Malaysia construction industry.2.1.1.10 Availability of historic price dataMartin Brook (2008) states that estimating method used for cost planning and estimating which relies on historical cost data during early stages, whereas current price apply by analytical estimating approach to resource for a well-developed design. According to Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998), most accomplished companies make it a policy to keep records of actual costs incurred on their various construction projects.As mentioned by Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998), the estimator can determine if his estimated costs were accurate or otherwise through comparing records of estimated costs. If the estimating is not accurate, whether the discrepancy was due to Estimator own lack of expertise or rather or incur some unforeseen cost-incurring conditions. In addition, these cost records serve another function, which is providing reliable cost data for preparing future estimates.Tang Wai Kuen, Raymond (2005) mentions that there are several historical databases available that provide current values for estimating costs of the several units of work for a project. The example of historical price data such as databases are collect from records of actual project costs or companys own past experience and on-going price quotations from suppliers and are published annually in the form of books, CDs and computer- based extranets.Stephen D. Schuette Roger W. Liska (1994) suggested that it is important that accurate database information be received to develop the estimating information data bank. In the other hand, according to Tang Wai Kuen, Raymond (2005), applying published data or software database pricing without first adjusting for the particular aspects of the project it might cause underestimate or overestimate. As every project in construction is ludicrous as every project with a distinct set of local factors, for examples size of project, level of competition, flexibility of specifications, work site, working hour restrictions and others.As stated by Tang Wai Kuen, Raymond (2005), review each line item by the professional Estimator is required when the estimating system attached to a price database, such review for the Estimator to make sure it is applicable. wide of the mark estimates can be caused by the Estimator applying these database prices blindly. Historical can be constit ute a major cause of inaccurate cost estimate, if the Estimator store incorrect or inaccurate data as price database, in future the Estimator prepare cost estimation relies on inaccurate or incorrect database cause occurrence of inaccurate estimate.On the other hand, Hira N. Ahuja Walter J. Campbell (1998) emphasis, estimating publications have increase greatly, these guides are invaluable to Estimators who do not have access to actual job records. Published data are useful during all stages of estimate development. Although it is certainly not recommended that published data alone be used for an entire estimate, but it is undoubtedly useful in filling in the gaps in cost information where no other source is unavailable.2.1.2 Financial factorsAiyetan Ayodeji Olatunji (2010) states that the performance of construction projects negatively affects by financial risk, financial risks might include high inflation and increased construction of the project. These factors affect particular projects where materials and goods are required for construction have to be imported from foreign country. The exchange rate changes on a daily basis are high so that the interest rate subject to change, it increases the percentage or chances of inaccuracy estimation occur. As mentioned by Laeeq Hassan (2010), financial risk associated with construction projects which include paucity of funds, delay in wages and others. All construction parties or compani